diff --git a/crates/op-html/src/layout_heuristics.rs b/crates/op-html/src/layout_heuristics.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a15e7a750
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/op-html/src/layout_heuristics.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
+
+use jian_ops_schema::node::base::PenNodeBase;
+use jian_ops_schema::node::container::{ContainerProps, LayoutMode};
+use jian_ops_schema::sizing::{SizingBehavior, SizingKeyword};
+
+use crate::css::cascade::ComputedStyle;
+use crate::length::{parse_length, CssLength, LengthCtx};
+
+use super::MapCtx;
+
+pub fn infer_gap_from_margins(
+    child_styles: &[&ComputedStyle],
+    context_font: f64,
+) -> (Option<f64>, bool) {
+    if child_styles.len() < 2 {
+        return (None, false);
+    }
+    let context = LengthCtx {
+        font_size: context_font,
+        root_font_size: context_font,
+        viewport_w: 0.0,
+        viewport_h: 0.0,
+    };
+    let margin = |style: &ComputedStyle, name: &str| {
+        style
+            .get(name)
+            .and_then(|value| parse_length(value, &context))
+            .and_then(|length| match length {
+                CssLength::Px(value) => Some(value),
+                CssLength::Percent(_) => None,
+            })
+            .unwrap_or(0.0)
+    };
+    let mut gaps: Vec<_> = child_styles
+        .windows(2)
+        .map(|pair| margin(pair[0], "margin-bottom") + margin(pair[1], "margin-top"))
+        .collect();
+    gaps.sort_by(|left, right| left.partial_cmp(right).unwrap_or(Ordering::Equal));
+    let mut modes: Vec<(f64, usize)> = Vec::new();
+    for gap in &gaps {
+        if let Some((_, count)) = modes.iter_mut().find(|(value, _)| *value == *gap) {
+            *count += 1;
+        } else {
+            modes.push((*gap, 1));
+        }
+    }
+    let mode = modes
+        .into_iter()
+        .max_by(|(left_value, left_count), (right_value, right_count)| {
+            left_count.cmp(right_count).then_with(|| {
+                right_value
+                    .partial_cmp(left_value)
+                    .unwrap_or(Ordering::Equal)
+            })
+        })
+        .map(|(value, _)| value);
+    let deviated = mode.is_some_and(|mode| gaps.iter().any(|gap| *gap != mode));
+    (mode, deviated)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn apply_sizing_defaults(
+    container: &mut ContainerProps,
+    style: &ComputedStyle,
+    parent: Option<&ComputedStyle>,
+) {
+    let parent_layout = parent.map(layout_for).unwrap_or(LayoutMode::Vertical);
+    if container.width.is_none() && parent.is_some() && parent_layout == LayoutMode::Vertical {
+        container.width = Some(SizingBehavior::Keyword(SizingKeyword::FillContainer));
+    }
+    if container.height.is_none() {
+        container.height = Some(SizingBehavior::Keyword(SizingKeyword::FitContent));
+    }
+    if style
+        .get("flex-grow")
+        .and_then(|value| value.parse::<f64>().ok())
+        .is_some_and(|value| value > 0.0)
+    {
+        let fill = Some(SizingBehavior::Keyword(SizingKeyword::FillContainer));
+        if parent_layout == LayoutMode::Horizontal {
+            container.width = fill;
+        } else {
+            container.height = fill;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn layout_for(style: &ComputedStyle) -> LayoutMode {
+    match (style.get("display"), style.get("flex-direction")) {
+        (Some("flex" | "inline-flex"), Some("column" | "column-reverse")) => LayoutMode::Vertical,
+        (Some("flex" | "inline-flex"), _) => LayoutMode::Horizontal,
+        _ => LayoutMode::Vertical,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn apply_position(
+    base: &mut PenNodeBase,
+    style: &ComputedStyle,
+    context: &mut MapCtx<'_>,
+) {
+    if !matches!(style.get("position"), Some("absolute" | "fixed")) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let (x, x_percent) = position_value(
+        style.get("left"),
+        style.font_size,
+        context.opts.viewport_width,
+        context.opts.base_font_size,
+    );
+    let (y, y_percent) = position_value(
+        style.get("top"),
+        style.font_size,
+        context.opts.viewport_width * 0.625,
+        context.opts.base_font_size,
+    );
+    base.x = x;
+    base.y = y;
+    if x_percent || y_percent {
+        context.warn_once("percentage absolute offsets approximated against the import viewport");
+    }
+}
+
+fn position_value(
+    value: Option<&str>,
+    font_size: f64,
+    viewport: f64,
+    root_font_size: f64,
+) -> (Option<f64>, bool) {
+    let Some(value) = value else {
+        return (None, false);
+    };
+    let length = parse_length(
+        value,
+        &LengthCtx {
+            font_size,
+            root_font_size,
+            viewport_w: viewport,
+            viewport_h: viewport,
+        },
+    );
+    match length {
+        Some(CssLength::Px(value)) => (Some(value), false),
+        Some(CssLength::Percent(percent)) => (Some(viewport * percent / 100.0), true),
+        None => (None, false),
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn warn_for_degradations(style: &ComputedStyle, context: &mut MapCtx<'_>) {
+    if style.get("display") == Some("grid") {
+        context.warn_once("CSS grid approximated as a vertical auto-layout frame");
+    }
+    if matches!(style.get("flex-wrap"), Some("wrap" | "wrap-reverse")) {
+        context.warn_once("flex-wrap ignored; imported auto-layout does not wrap");
+    }
+    if style
+        .get("float")
+        .is_some_and(|value| value != "none" && value != "initial")
+    {
+        context.warn_once("CSS float ignored during structured HTML import");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/op-html/src/mapper.rs b/crates/op-html/src/mapper.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b0c61076
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/op-html/src/mapper.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,745 @@
+use jian_ops_schema::node::base::{NumberOrExpression, PenNodeBase};
+use jian_ops_schema::node::container::{
+    AlignItems, ContainerProps, CornerRadius, JustifyContent, LayoutMode, Padding,
+};
+use jian_ops_schema::node::{FrameNode, ImageSrc, PenNode};
+use jian_ops_schema::sizing::{SizingBehavior, SizingKeyword};
+use jian_ops_schema::style::{
+    GradientStop, ImageFillBody, LinearGradientBody, PenEffect, PenFill, PenStroke,
+    RadialGradientBody, ShadowBody, SolidFillBody, StrokeThickness,
+};
+
+use crate::color::parse_css_color;
+use crate::css::cascade::{compute_style, ComputedStyle, StyleRule};
+use crate::dom::{DomElement, DomNode};
+use crate::length::{parse_length, CssLength, LengthCtx};
+use crate::HtmlImportOptions;
+
+#[path = "layout_heuristics.rs"]
+mod layout_heuristics;
+pub use layout_heuristics::infer_gap_from_margins;
+
+pub struct MapCtx<'a> {
+    pub opts: &'a HtmlImportOptions,
+    pub rules: &'a [StyleRule],
+    pub warnings: Vec<String>,
+    pub next_id: u32,
+    pub node_count: usize,
+}
+
+impl MapCtx<'_> {
+    pub fn generate_id(&mut self) -> String {
+        let id = format!("html_{}", self.next_id);
+        self.next_id = self.next_id.saturating_add(1);
+        id
+    }
+
+    pub fn warn_once(&mut self, message: &str) {
+        if !self.warnings.iter().any(|warning| warning == message) {
+            self.warnings.push(message.to_string());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn map_element(
+    context: &mut MapCtx<'_>,
+    path: &[&DomElement],
+    parent_style: Option<&ComputedStyle>,
+) -> Option<PenNode> {
+    let element = *path.last()?;
+    let style = compute_style(
+        path,
+        context.rules,
+        parent_style,
+        context.opts.base_font_size,
+    );
+    if style.get("display") == Some("none") {
+        return None;
+    }
+    layout_heuristics::warn_for_degradations(&style, context);
+    if let Some(mapped) = crate::special::map_radio_group(context, path, &style)
+        .or_else(|| crate::special::map_special(context, element, &style))
+    {
+        return mapped;
+    }
+    let children = crate::text::map_children(context, path, &style, &element.children);
+    let mut container = container_props_from(&style, context);
+    if container.gap.is_none() {
+        let child_styles: Vec<_> = element
+            .children
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|child| match child {
+                DomNode::Element(child_element) => {
+                    let mut child_path = path.to_vec();
+                    child_path.push(child_element);
+                    Some(compute_style(
+                        &child_path,
+                        context.rules,
+                        Some(&style),
+                        context.opts.base_font_size,
+                    ))
+                }
+                DomNode::Text(_) => None,
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let refs: Vec<_> = child_styles.iter().collect();
+        let (gap, deviated) = infer_gap_from_margins(&refs, style.font_size);
+        container.gap = gap.map(NumberOrExpression::Number);
+        if deviated {
+            context.warn_once("mixed adjacent margins approximated using the most common gap");
+        }
+    }
+    layout_heuristics::apply_sizing_defaults(&mut container, &style, parent_style);
+    let mut base = PenNodeBase {
+        id: context.generate_id(),
+        name: Some(element.tag.clone()),
+        role: ((element.tag == "button") || element.attr("role") == Some("button"))
+            .then_some("button".to_string()),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    apply_base_style(&mut base, &style, context);
+    context.node_count += 1;
+    Some(frame(base, container, children))
+}
+
+pub fn container_props_from(style: &ComputedStyle, context: &mut MapCtx<'_>) -> ContainerProps {
+    let layout = match (style.get("display"), style.get("flex-direction")) {
+        (Some("flex" | "inline-flex"), Some("column" | "column-reverse")) => LayoutMode::Vertical,
+        (Some("flex" | "inline-flex"), _) => LayoutMode::Horizontal,
+        _ => LayoutMode::Vertical,
+    };
+    let gap = style
+        .get("gap")
+        .and_then(|value| length_px(value, style.font_size, context.opts))
+        .map(NumberOrExpression::Number);
+    let padding = map_padding(style, context.opts);
+    let justify_content = style.get("justify-content").and_then(map_justify);
+    let align_items = style.get("align-items").and_then(AlignItems::from_css);
+    let width = style
+        .get("width")
+        .and_then(|value| map_sizing(value, style.font_size, context.opts));
+    let height = style
+        .get("height")
+        .and_then(|value| map_sizing(value, style.font_size, context.opts));
+    let fill = map_fill(style);
+    let stroke = map_stroke(style, context);
+    let corner_radius = style
+        .get("border-radius")
+        .and_then(|value| map_corner_radius(value, style.font_size, context.opts));
+    let effects = style.get("box-shadow").and_then(map_shadows);
+    ContainerProps {
+        width,
+        height,
+        layout: Some(layout),
+        gap,
+        padding,
+        justify_content,
+        align_items,
+        clip_content: (style.get("overflow") == Some("hidden")).then_some(true),
+        corner_radius,
+        fill,
+        stroke,
+        effects,
+    }
+}
+
+fn frame(base: PenNodeBase, container: ContainerProps, children: Vec<PenNode>) -> PenNode {
+    PenNode::Frame(FrameNode {
+        base,
+        container,
+        children: Some(children),
+        image_search_query: None,
+        reusable: None,
+        slot: None,
+        state: None,
+        bindings: None,
+        events: None,
+        lifecycle: None,
+        semantics: None,
+        gestures: None,
+        route: None,
+        screen: None,
+    })
+}
+
+fn apply_base_style(base: &mut PenNodeBase, style: &ComputedStyle, context: &mut MapCtx<'_>) {
+    base.opacity = style
+        .get("opacity")
+        .and_then(|value| value.parse::<f64>().ok())
+        .map(NumberOrExpression::Number);
+    if let Some(transform) = style.get("transform") {
+        if let Some(degrees) = parse_rotate(transform) {
+            base.rotation = Some(degrees);
+        } else if transform != "none" {
+            context.warn_once("unsupported CSS transform ignored (only rotate is imported)");
+        }
+    }
+    layout_heuristics::apply_position(base, style, context);
+}
+
+fn parse_rotate(value: &str) -> Option<f64> {
+    let inner = value.trim().strip_prefix("rotate(")?.strip_suffix(')')?;
+    inner.strip_suffix("deg")?.trim().parse().ok()
+}
+
+fn length_context(font_size: f64, options: &HtmlImportOptions) -> LengthCtx {
+    LengthCtx {
+        font_size,
+        root_font_size: options.base_font_size,
+        viewport_w: options.viewport_width,
+        viewport_h: options.viewport_width * 0.625,
+    }
+}
+
+fn length_px(value: &str, font_size: f64, options: &HtmlImportOptions) -> Option<f64> {
+    match parse_length(value, &length_context(font_size, options))? {
+        CssLength::Px(value) => Some(value),
+        CssLength::Percent(_) => None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn map_sizing(value: &str, font_size: f64, options: &HtmlImportOptions) -> Option<SizingBehavior> {
+    match parse_length(value, &length_context(font_size, options))? {
+        CssLength::Px(value) => Some(SizingBehavior::Number(value)),
+        CssLength::Percent(100.0) => Some(SizingBehavior::Keyword(SizingKeyword::FillContainer)),
+        CssLength::Percent(_) => None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn map_padding(style: &ComputedStyle, options: &HtmlImportOptions) -> Option<Padding> {
+    let names = [
+        "padding-top",
+        "padding-right",
+        "padding-bottom",
+        "padding-left",
+    ];
+    if !names.iter().any(|name| style.get(name).is_some()) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let values = names.map(|name| {
+        style
+            .get(name)
+            .and_then(|value| length_px(value, style.font_size, options))
+            .unwrap_or(0.0)
+    });
+    if values.iter().all(|value| *value == values[0]) {
+        Some(Padding::Uniform(values[0]))
+    } else {
+        Some(Padding::LtrB(values))
+    }
+}
+
+fn map_justify(value: &str) -> Option<JustifyContent> {
+    match value.trim().to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
+        "flex-start" | "start" | "left" => Some(JustifyContent::Start),
+        "center" => Some(JustifyContent::Center),
+        "flex-end" | "end" | "right" => Some(JustifyContent::End),
+        "space-between" => Some(JustifyContent::SpaceBetween),
+        "space-around" | "space-evenly" => Some(JustifyContent::SpaceAround),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn solid_fill(color: String) -> PenFill {
+    PenFill::Solid(SolidFillBody {
+        color,
+        explain: None,
+        opacity: None,
+        blend_mode: None,
+    })
+}
+
+fn map_fill(style: &ComputedStyle) -> Option<Vec<PenFill>> {
+    let mut fills = Vec::new();
+    if let Some(color) = style.get("background-color").and_then(parse_css_color) {
+        fills.push(solid_fill(color));
+    }
+    if let Some(image) = style.get("background-image") {
+        if let Some(gradient) = map_gradient(image) {
+            fills.push(gradient);
+        } else if let Some(url) = extract_url(image) {
+            fills.push(PenFill::Image(ImageFillBody {
+                url: ImageSrc::from(url),
+                mode: None,
+                original_size: None,
+                transform: None,
+                explain: None,
+                opacity: None,
+                exposure: None,
+                contrast: None,
+                saturation: None,
+                temperature: None,
+                tint: None,
+                highlights: None,
+                shadows: None,
+            }));
+        }
+    }
+    (!fills.is_empty()).then_some(fills)
+}
+
+fn extract_url(value: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let start = value.find("url(")? + 4;
+    let end = value[start..].find(')')? + start;
+    Some(
+        value[start..end]
+            .trim()
+            .trim_matches(['\'', '"'])
+            .to_string(),
+    )
+}
+
+fn map_gradient(value: &str) -> Option<PenFill> {
+    let (radial, body) = if let Some(body) = value.strip_prefix("linear-gradient(") {
+        (false, body.strip_suffix(')')?)
+    } else if let Some(body) = value.strip_prefix("radial-gradient(") {
+        (true, body.strip_suffix(')')?)
+    } else {
+        return None;
+    };
+    let mut parts = split_top_level(body, ',');
+    let mut angle = None;
+    if !radial {
+        angle = parts.first().and_then(|part| parse_gradient_angle(part));
+        if angle.is_some() {
+            parts.remove(0);
+        }
+    } else if parts
+        .first()
+        .is_some_and(|part| parse_color_stop(part).is_none())
+    {
+        parts.remove(0);
+    }
+    let stop_count = parts.len();
+    if stop_count < 2 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let stops: Option<Vec<_>> = parts
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(index, part)| {
+            let (color, explicit) = parse_color_stop(part)?;
+            let offset = explicit.unwrap_or_else(|| index as f32 / (stop_count - 1) as f32);
+            Some(GradientStop { offset, color })
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let stops = stops?;
+    if radial {
+        Some(PenFill::RadialGradient(RadialGradientBody {
+            cx: None,
+            cy: None,
+            radius: None,
+            stops,
+            explain: None,
+            opacity: None,
+            blend_mode: None,
+        }))
+    } else {
+        Some(PenFill::LinearGradient(LinearGradientBody {
+            angle: Some(angle.unwrap_or(180.0)),
+            stops,
+            explain: None,
+            opacity: None,
+            blend_mode: None,
+        }))
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_gradient_angle(value: &str) -> Option<f32> {
+    let value = value.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+    if let Some(degrees) = value.strip_suffix("deg") {
+        return degrees.trim().parse().ok();
+    }
+    match value.as_str() {
+        "to top" => Some(0.0),
+        "to right" => Some(90.0),
+        "to bottom" => Some(180.0),
+        "to left" => Some(270.0),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_color_stop(value: &str) -> Option<(String, Option<f32>)> {
+    let value = value.trim();
+    if let Some(color) = parse_css_color(value) {
+        return Some((color, None));
+    }
+    let (color_source, remainder) = if value.starts_with("rgb") || value.starts_with("hsl") {
+        let end = value.find(')')? + 1;
+        (&value[..end], value[end..].trim())
+    } else {
+        value
+            .split_once(char::is_whitespace)
+            .map_or((value, ""), |(color, rest)| (color, rest.trim()))
+    };
+    let color = parse_css_color(color_source)?;
+    let offset = remainder
+        .strip_suffix('%')
+        .and_then(|number| number.trim().parse::<f32>().ok())
+        .map(|percent| percent / 100.0);
+    Some((color, offset))
+}
+
+fn map_stroke(style: &ComputedStyle, context: &mut MapCtx<'_>) -> Option<PenStroke> {
+    let widths = ["top", "right", "bottom", "left"].map(|side| {
+        style
+            .get(&format!("border-{side}-width"))
+            .or_else(|| style.get("border-width"))
+            .and_then(|value| length_px(value, style.font_size, context.opts))
+            .unwrap_or(0.0) as f32
+    });
+    let max_width = widths.iter().copied().fold(0.0_f32, f32::max);
+    if max_width <= 0.0 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    if widths.iter().any(|width| *width != widths[0]) {
+        context.warn_once("per-side border widths approximated using the widest side");
+    }
+    let color = style
+        .get("border-color")
+        .or_else(|| {
+            ["top", "right", "bottom", "left"]
+                .iter()
+                .find_map(|side| style.get(&format!("border-{side}-color")))
+        })
+        .or_else(|| style.get("color"))
+        .and_then(parse_css_color)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| "#000000".to_string());
+    Some(PenStroke {
+        thickness: StrokeThickness::Uniform(max_width),
+        align: None,
+        join: None,
+        cap: None,
+        dash_pattern: None,
+        dash_offset: None,
+        fill: Some(vec![solid_fill(color)]),
+    })
+}
+
+fn map_corner_radius(
+    value: &str,
+    font_size: f64,
+    options: &HtmlImportOptions,
+) -> Option<CornerRadius> {
+    let parts: Vec<_> = value.split_whitespace().collect();
+    let values = match parts.as_slice() {
+        [all] => [*all, *all, *all, *all],
+        [vertical, horizontal] => [*vertical, *horizontal, *vertical, *horizontal],
+        [top, horizontal, bottom] => [*top, *horizontal, *bottom, *horizontal],
+        [top, right, bottom, left] => [*top, *right, *bottom, *left],
+        _ => return None,
+    };
+    let radii = values
+        .map(|part| length_px(part, font_size, options))
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect::<Option<Vec<_>>>()?;
+    if radii.iter().all(|radius| *radius == radii[0]) {
+        Some(CornerRadius::Uniform(radii[0]))
+    } else {
+        Some(CornerRadius::PerCorner([
+            radii[0], radii[1], radii[2], radii[3],
+        ]))
+    }
+}
+
+fn map_shadows(value: &str) -> Option<Vec<PenEffect>> {
+    let effects: Vec<_> = split_top_level(value, ',')
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter_map(map_shadow)
+        .map(PenEffect::Shadow)
+        .collect();
+    (!effects.is_empty()).then_some(effects)
+}
+
+fn map_shadow(value: &str) -> Option<ShadowBody> {
+    let mut inner = false;
+    let mut color = "#000000".to_string();
+    let mut lengths = Vec::new();
+    for token in split_whitespace_top_level(value) {
+        if token == "inset" {
+            inner = true;
+        } else if let Some(parsed) = parse_css_color(token) {
+            color = parsed;
+        } else if let Some(length) = parse_shadow_length(token) {
+            lengths.push(length);
+        }
+    }
+    if lengths.len() < 2 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some(ShadowBody {
+        inner: inner.then_some(true),
+        offset_x: lengths[0],
+        offset_y: lengths[1],
+        blur: lengths.get(2).copied().unwrap_or(0.0),
+        spread: lengths.get(3).copied().unwrap_or(0.0),
+        color,
+    })
+}
+
+fn parse_shadow_length(value: &str) -> Option<f32> {
+    let number = value.strip_suffix("px").unwrap_or(value);
+    number.parse().ok()
+}
+
+fn split_top_level(input: &str, delimiter: char) -> Vec<&str> {
+    let mut result = Vec::new();
+    let mut start = 0;
+    let mut depth = 0u32;
+    for (index, ch) in input.char_indices() {
+        match ch {
+            '(' => depth += 1,
+            ')' => depth = depth.saturating_sub(1),
+            _ if ch == delimiter && depth == 0 => {
+                result.push(input[start..index].trim());
+                start = index + ch.len_utf8();
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    result.push(input[start..].trim());
+    result
+}
+
+fn split_whitespace_top_level(input: &str) -> Vec<&str> {
+    let mut result = Vec::new();
+    let mut start = None;
+    let mut depth = 0u32;
+    for (index, ch) in input.char_indices() {
+        match ch {
+            '(' => {
+                depth += 1;
+                start.get_or_insert(index);
+            }
+            ')' => depth = depth.saturating_sub(1),
+            _ if ch.is_whitespace() && depth == 0 => {
+                if let Some(token_start) = start.take() {
+                    result.push(&input[token_start..index]);
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {
+                start.get_or_insert(index);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if let Some(token_start) = start {
+        result.push(&input[token_start..]);
+    }
+    result
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::css::cascade::parse_stylesheet;
+    use jian_ops_schema::node::container::{
+        AlignItems, CornerRadius, JustifyContent, LayoutMode, Padding,
+    };
+    use jian_ops_schema::node::PenNode;
+    use jian_ops_schema::style::{PenEffect, PenFill, StrokeThickness};
+
+    fn map_one(html_element: crate::dom::DomElement, css: &str) -> Option<PenNode> {
+        let (rules, _) = parse_stylesheet(css, 1000);
+        let options = crate::HtmlImportOptions::default();
+        let mut context = MapCtx {
+            opts: &options,
+            rules: &rules,
+            warnings: Vec::new(),
+            next_id: 0,
+            node_count: 0,
+        };
+        map_element(&mut context, &[&html_element], None)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flex_row_maps_to_horizontal_frame() {
+        let element = crate::dom::DomElement {
+            tag: "div".into(),
+            attrs: vec![(
+                "style".into(),
+                "display:flex;gap:12px;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;padding:16px"
+                    .into(),
+            )],
+            children: Vec::new(),
+        };
+        let Some(PenNode::Frame(frame)) = map_one(element, "") else {
+            panic!("expected frame")
+        };
+        assert_eq!(frame.container.layout, Some(LayoutMode::Horizontal));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            frame.container.gap,
+            Some(jian_ops_schema::node::base::NumberOrExpression::Number(value)) if value == 12.0
+        ));
+        assert_eq!(
+            frame.container.justify_content,
+            Some(JustifyContent::SpaceBetween)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(frame.container.align_items, Some(AlignItems::Center));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            frame.container.padding,
+            Some(Padding::Uniform(value)) if value == 16.0
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn visual_styles_map_to_fill_stroke_effects() {
+        let element = crate::dom::DomElement {
+            tag: "div".into(),
+            attrs: vec![(
+                "style".into(),
+                "background-color:#102030;border:2px solid #ff0000;border-radius:8px;\
+                 box-shadow:0 4px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.25);overflow:hidden"
+                    .into(),
+            )],
+            children: Vec::new(),
+        };
+        let Some(PenNode::Frame(frame)) = map_one(element, "") else {
+            panic!()
+        };
+        let fills = frame.container.fill.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(&fills[0], PenFill::Solid(solid) if solid.color == "#102030"));
+        let stroke = frame.container.stroke.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(
+            stroke.thickness,
+            StrokeThickness::Uniform(width) if width == 2.0
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            frame.container.corner_radius,
+            Some(CornerRadius::Uniform(radius)) if radius == 8.0
+        ));
+        let effects = frame.container.effects.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(&effects[0], PenEffect::Shadow(shadow)
+            if shadow.offset_y == 4.0 && shadow.blur == 8.0 && shadow.color == "#00000040"));
+        assert_eq!(frame.container.clip_content, Some(true));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn linear_gradient_fill() {
+        let element = crate::dom::DomElement {
+            tag: "div".into(),
+            attrs: vec![(
+                "style".into(),
+                "background:linear-gradient(90deg,#000000,#ffffff)".into(),
+            )],
+            children: Vec::new(),
+        };
+        let Some(PenNode::Frame(frame)) = map_one(element, "") else {
+            panic!()
+        };
+        let fills = frame.container.fill.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let PenFill::LinearGradient(gradient) = &fills[0] else {
+            panic!("expected gradient")
+        };
+        assert_eq!(gradient.angle, Some(90.0));
+        assert_eq!(gradient.stops.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(gradient.stops[1].color, "#ffffff");
+        assert_eq!(gradient.stops[1].offset, 1.0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn display_none_is_skipped() {
+        let element = crate::dom::DomElement {
+            tag: "div".into(),
+            attrs: vec![("style".into(), "display:none".into())],
+            children: Vec::new(),
+        };
+        assert!(map_one(element, "").is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gap_mode_from_margins() {
+        let make_style = |margin_top: &str, margin_bottom: &str| {
+            let mut style = ComputedStyle {
+                props: Default::default(),
+                font_size: 16.0,
+            };
+            style.props.insert("margin-top".into(), margin_top.into());
+            style
+                .props
+                .insert("margin-bottom".into(), margin_bottom.into());
+            style
+        };
+        let first = make_style("0", "8px");
+        let second = make_style("8px", "8px");
+        let third = make_style("8px", "16px");
+        let fourth = make_style("8px", "0");
+        let styles = vec![&first, &second, &third, &fourth];
+        let (gap, deviated) = infer_gap_from_margins(&styles, 16.0);
+        assert_eq!(gap, Some(16.0));
+        assert!(deviated);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn block_child_defaults_to_fill_width_and_frames_hug_height() {
+        let parent = crate::dom::DomElement {
+            tag: "div".into(),
+            attrs: vec![],
+            children: vec![crate::dom::DomNode::Element(crate::dom::DomElement {
+                tag: "div".into(),
+                attrs: vec![],
+                children: Vec::new(),
+            })],
+        };
+        let Some(PenNode::Frame(frame)) = map_one(parent, "") else {
+            panic!()
+        };
+        let PenNode::Frame(child) = &frame.children.as_ref().unwrap()[0] else {
+            panic!()
+        };
+        use jian_ops_schema::sizing::{SizingBehavior, SizingKeyword};
+        assert_eq!(
+            child.container.width,
+            Some(SizingBehavior::Keyword(SizingKeyword::FillContainer))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            child.container.height,
+            Some(SizingBehavior::Keyword(SizingKeyword::FitContent))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn absolute_positioning_lands_on_base_xy() {
+        let element = crate::dom::DomElement {
+            tag: "div".into(),
+            attrs: vec![(
+                "style".into(),
+                "position:absolute;left:24px;top:48px".into(),
+            )],
+            children: Vec::new(),
+        };
+        let Some(PenNode::Frame(frame)) = map_one(element, "") else {
+            panic!()
+        };
+        assert_eq!(frame.base.x, Some(24.0));
+        assert_eq!(frame.base.y, Some(48.0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn grid_degrades_with_single_warning() {
+        let (rules, _) = crate::css::cascade::parse_stylesheet("", 1000);
+        let options = crate::HtmlImportOptions::default();
+        let mut context = MapCtx {
+            opts: &options,
+            rules: &rules,
+            warnings: Vec::new(),
+            next_id: 0,
+            node_count: 0,
+        };
+        for _ in 0..2 {
+            let element = crate::dom::DomElement {
+                tag: "div".into(),
+                attrs: vec![("style".into(), "display:grid".into())],
+                children: Vec::new(),
+            };
+            map_element(&mut context, &[&element], None);
+        }
+        assert_eq!(
+            context
+                .warnings
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|warning| warning.contains("grid"))
+                .count(),
+            1
+        );
+    }
+}