diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 77440eb56..1e4974f91 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 - Add saved per-node export settings for repeat exports.
 - Add Design panel controls for layer blend modes and alpha, vector, and luminance masks.
 - Refine Design panel foundations with 26px controls, consistently aligned action rails, shared Tailwind themes, and Storybook component states.
+- Scale the Layers panel to 5,000-node documents with virtualized rows, indexed updates, scroll-to-selection, range selection, and focus-aware themed states.
 - Standardize Vue SDK and app override type names on the `UI` acronym, including `FontPickerUI`.
 - Add a headless Vue SDK NumberField with pointer scrubbing, keyboard stepping, safe arithmetic expressions, and mixed/bound states; remove the superseded ScrubInput API.
 - Add provider-driven BindableValue primitives for variable and token binding, including detach-on-edit, read-only, edit-variable, mixed-value, and undo-batched interactions.
diff --git a/packages/vue/src/index.ts b/packages/vue/src/index.ts
index 06d4a2783..68a9a1a9a 100644
--- a/packages/vue/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/vue/src/index.ts
@@ -161,8 +161,24 @@ export type {
   GradientEditorStopSlotProps,
   GradientEditorStopSlots
 } from '#vue/primitives/GradientEditor'
-export { LayerTreeRoot, LayerTreeItem, useLayerTree } from '#vue/primitives/LayerTree'
-export type { LayerDragInstruction, LayerTreeContext, LayerNode } from '#vue/primitives/LayerTree'
+export {
+  buildLayerTreeModel,
+  indexLayerNodes,
+  layerSelectionForTarget,
+  LayerTreeItem,
+  LayerTreeRoot,
+  patchLayerNode,
+  useLayerTree,
+  visibleLayerRows
+} from '#vue/primitives/LayerTree'
+export type {
+  LayerDragInstruction,
+  LayerNode,
+  LayerRow,
+  LayerSelectionMode,
+  LayerTreeContext,
+  LayerTreeVirtualizer
+} from '#vue/primitives/LayerTree'
 export { LayoutControlsRoot, useLayoutControlsContext } from '#vue/primitives/LayoutControls'
 export type {
   LayoutControlsContext,
diff --git a/packages/vue/src/primitives/LayerTree/LayerTreeItem.vue b/packages/vue/src/primitives/LayerTree/LayerTreeItem.vue
index 58af65a29..13ee4a11a 100644
--- a/packages/vue/src/primitives/LayerTree/LayerTreeItem.vue
+++ b/packages/vue/src/primitives/LayerTree/LayerTreeItem.vue
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ defineExpose({ rowEl })
       :has-children="hasChildren"
       :is-selected="isSelected"
       :is-dragging="isDragging"
+      :focused="ctx.focused.value"
       :pad-left="padLeft"
       :actions="actions"
     />
diff --git a/packages/vue/src/primitives/LayerTree/LayerTreeRoot.vue b/packages/vue/src/primitives/LayerTree/LayerTreeRoot.vue
index 2ba21d2e5..42bc596f8 100644
--- a/packages/vue/src/primitives/LayerTree/LayerTreeRoot.vue
+++ b/packages/vue/src/primitives/LayerTree/LayerTreeRoot.vue
@@ -1,13 +1,25 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
-import { computed, nextTick, onScopeDispose, ref, watch } from 'vue'
+import { computed, nextTick, onScopeDispose, ref } from 'vue'
 import { TreeRoot } from 'reka-ui'
 
+import type { SceneNode } from '@open-pencil/scene-graph'
+
 import { useEditor } from '#vue/editor/context'
 import { provideLayerTree } from '#vue/primitives/LayerTree/context'
+import {
+  buildLayerTreeModel,
+  indexLayerNodes,
+  layerSelectionForTarget,
+  patchLayerNode,
+  visibleLayerRows
+} from '#vue/primitives/LayerTree/model'
 import { useLayerDrag } from '#vue/primitives/LayerTree/useLayerDrag'
 
-import type { LayerNode } from '#vue/primitives/LayerTree/context'
-import type { SceneNode } from '@open-pencil/scene-graph'
+import type {
+  LayerNode,
+  LayerSelectionMode,
+  LayerTreeVirtualizer
+} from '#vue/primitives/LayerTree/context'
 
 const { indentPerLevel = 16 } = defineProps<{
   indentPerLevel?: number
@@ -22,6 +34,16 @@ const emit = defineEmits<{
 }>()
 
 const editor = useEditor()
+const items = ref<LayerNode[]>([])
+const expanded = ref<string[]>([])
+const treeVersion = ref(0)
+const selectedIds = computed(() => editor.state.selectedIds)
+const focused = ref(false)
+const visibleRows = computed(() => visibleLayerRows(items.value, new Set(expanded.value)))
+let nodesById = new Map<string, LayerNode>()
+let virtualizer: LayerTreeVirtualizer | null = null
+let selectionAnchorId: string | null = null
+let applyingSelection = false
 
 function expandNode(id: string) {
   if (!expanded.value.includes(id)) expanded.value = [...expanded.value, id]
@@ -33,77 +55,73 @@ const { draggingId, instruction, instructionTargetId, setupItem } = useLayerDrag
   expandNode
 )
 
-function nodeToLayerNode(node: SceneNode): LayerNode {
-  return {
-    id: node.id,
-    name: node.name,
-    type: node.type,
-    layoutMode: node.layoutMode,
-    visible: node.visible,
-    locked: node.locked
-  }
-}
-
-function buildTree(parentId: string): LayerNode[] {
-  const parent = editor.graph.getNode(parentId)
-  if (!parent) return []
-  return parent.childIds
-    .map((cid) => editor.graph.getNode(cid))
-    .filter((n): n is NonNullable<typeof n> => !!n)
-    .map((node) => ({
-      ...nodeToLayerNode(node),
-      children: node.childIds.length > 0 ? buildTree(node.id) : undefined
-    }))
-}
-
-const items = ref(buildTree(editor.state.currentPageId))
-const treeVersion = ref(0)
-const expanded = ref<string[]>([])
-const selectedIds = computed(() => editor.state.selectedIds)
-
 function rebuildTree() {
-  items.value = buildTree(editor.state.currentPageId)
+  const model = buildLayerTreeModel(editor.graph, editor.state.currentPageId)
+  items.value = model.items
+  nodesById = indexLayerNodes(items.value)
+  expanded.value = expanded.value.filter((id) => nodesById.has(id))
   treeVersion.value++
 }
 
-function replaceLayerNode(nodes: LayerNode[], replacement: LayerNode): LayerNode[] | null {
-  let changed = false
-  const next = nodes.map((node) => {
-    if (node.id === replacement.id) {
-      changed = true
-      return { ...replacement, children: node.children }
-    }
-    if (!node.children) return node
-    const children = replaceLayerNode(node.children, replacement)
-    if (!children) return node
-    changed = true
-    return { ...node, children }
-  })
-  return changed ? next : null
-}
+rebuildTree()
 
-function patchLayerNode(id: string, changes: Partial<SceneNode>) {
+const PATCHABLE_NODE_KEYS = new Set<keyof SceneNode>([
+  'name',
+  'type',
+  'layoutMode',
+  'visible',
+  'locked'
+])
+
+function patchTreeNode(id: string, changes: Partial<SceneNode>) {
   if ('childIds' in changes || 'parentId' in changes) {
     rebuildTree()
     return
   }
-
-  if (
-    !(
-      'name' in changes ||
-      'type' in changes ||
-      'layoutMode' in changes ||
-      'visible' in changes ||
-      'locked' in changes
-    )
-  ) {
+  if (!(Object.keys(changes) as (keyof SceneNode)[]).some((key) => PATCHABLE_NODE_KEYS.has(key))) {
     return
   }
+  const target = nodesById.get(id)
+  const source = editor.graph.getNode(id)
+  if (target && source) patchLayerNode(target, source)
+}
 
-  const node = editor.graph.getNode(id)
-  if (!node) return
-  const next = replaceLayerNode(items.value, nodeToLayerNode(node))
-  if (next) items.value = next
+const rowRefs = new Map<string, HTMLElement>()
+
+function setRowRef(id: string, el: HTMLElement | null) {
+  if (el) rowRefs.set(id, el)
+  else rowRefs.delete(id)
+}
+
+function expandSelectionAncestors(ids: readonly string[]) {
+  const next = new Set(expanded.value)
+  for (const id of ids) {
+    let node = editor.graph.getNode(id)
+    while (node?.parentId && node.parentId !== editor.state.currentPageId) {
+      next.add(node.parentId)
+      node = editor.graph.getNode(node.parentId)
+    }
+  }
+  if (next.size !== expanded.value.length) expanded.value = [...next]
+}
+
+function scrollToNode(id: string) {
+  void nextTick(() => {
+    const index = visibleRows.value.findIndex((row) => row.node.id === id)
+    if (index !== -1 && virtualizer) {
+      virtualizer.scrollToIndex(index, { align: 'auto' })
+      return
+    }
+    rowRefs.get(id)?.scrollIntoView({ block: 'nearest' })
+  })
+}
+
+function onSelectionChanged(ids: string[]) {
+  expandSelectionAncestors(ids)
+  if (applyingSelection) return
+  const visibleIds = new Set(visibleRows.value.map((row) => row.node.id))
+  selectionAnchorId = ids.find((id) => visibleIds.has(id)) ?? null
+  if (selectionAnchorId) scrollToNode(selectionAnchorId)
 }
 
 const unsubscribe = [
@@ -113,39 +131,14 @@ const unsubscribe = [
   editor.onEditorEvent('node:deleted', rebuildTree),
   editor.onEditorEvent('node:reparented', rebuildTree),
   editor.onEditorEvent('node:reordered', rebuildTree),
-  editor.onEditorEvent('node:updated', patchLayerNode)
+  editor.onEditorEvent('node:updated', patchTreeNode),
+  editor.onEditorEvent('selection:changed', onSelectionChanged)
 ]
 
 onScopeDispose(() => {
   for (const stop of unsubscribe) stop()
 })
 
-const rowRefs = new Map<string, HTMLElement>()
-
-function setRowRef(id: string, el: HTMLElement | null) {
-  if (el) rowRefs.set(id, el)
-  else rowRefs.delete(id)
-}
-
-watch(
-  () => editor.state.selectedIds,
-  (ids) => {
-    const toExpand = new Set(expanded.value)
-    for (const id of ids) {
-      let node = editor.graph.getNode(id)
-      while (node?.parentId && node.parentId !== editor.state.currentPageId) {
-        toExpand.add(node.parentId)
-        node = editor.graph.getNode(node.parentId)
-      }
-    }
-    if (toExpand.size > expanded.value.length) expanded.value = [...toExpand]
-    nextTick(() => {
-      const first = [...ids][0]
-      if (first) rowRefs.get(first)?.scrollIntoView({ block: 'nearest' })
-    })
-  }
-)
-
 function syncCanvasScope(nodeId: string) {
   const node = editor.graph.getNode(nodeId)
   if (!node) return
@@ -161,20 +154,32 @@ function syncCanvasScope(nodeId: string) {
   editor.state.enteredContainerId = null
 }
 
-function select(id: string, additive: boolean) {
-  emit('select', id, additive)
-  if (additive) {
-    editor.select([id], true)
-  } else {
-    editor.select([id])
-    syncCanvasScope(id)
+function select(id: string, selection: boolean | LayerSelectionMode) {
+  const mode = typeof selection === 'boolean' ? { additive: selection, range: false } : selection
+  emit('select', id, mode.additive)
+  const visibleIds = visibleRows.value.map((row) => row.node.id)
+  const next = layerSelectionForTarget(
+    visibleIds,
+    editor.state.selectedIds,
+    selectionAnchorId,
+    id,
+    mode
+  )
+  if (!mode.range) selectionAnchorId = id
+  applyingSelection = true
+  try {
+    editor.select([...next])
+  } finally {
+    applyingSelection = false
   }
+  if (!mode.additive && !mode.range) syncCanvasScope(id)
+  scrollToNode(id)
 }
 
 function toggleExpand(id: string) {
   emit('toggleExpand', id)
-  const idx = expanded.value.indexOf(id)
-  if (idx !== -1) expanded.value = expanded.value.filter((e) => e !== id)
+  const index = expanded.value.indexOf(id)
+  if (index !== -1) expanded.value = expanded.value.filter((expandedId) => expandedId !== id)
   else expandNode(id)
 }
 
@@ -186,17 +191,27 @@ function getChildren(node: LayerNode) {
   return node.children
 }
 
+function setVirtualizer(next: LayerTreeVirtualizer) {
+  virtualizer = next
+}
+
 const actions = {
   select,
-  toggleExpand
+  toggleExpand,
+  setFocused: (value: boolean) => {
+    focused.value = value
+  },
+  setVirtualizer
 }
 
 provideLayerTree({
   editor,
   items,
   expanded,
+  visibleRows,
   treeVersion,
   selectedIds,
+  focused,
   indentPerLevel,
   draggingId,
   instruction,
@@ -204,6 +219,8 @@ provideLayerTree({
   setupDrag: setupItem,
   select,
   toggleExpand,
+  setFocused: actions.setFocused,
+  setVirtualizer,
   toggleVisibility: (id: string) => {
     emit('toggleVisibility', id)
     editor.toggleNodeVisibility(id)
@@ -223,9 +240,9 @@ provideLayerTree({
 <template>
   <TreeRoot
     v-slot="{ flattenItems }"
+    v-model:expanded="expanded"
     as="div"
     class="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden"
-    v-model:expanded="expanded"
     :items="items"
     :get-key="getKey"
     :get-children="getChildren"
@@ -233,9 +250,11 @@ provideLayerTree({
     <slot
       :items="items"
       :flatten-items="flattenItems"
+      :visible-rows="visibleRows"
       :expanded="expanded"
       :tree-version="treeVersion"
       :selected-ids="selectedIds"
+      :focused="focused"
       :dragging-id="draggingId"
       :instruction="instruction"
       :instruction-target-id="instructionTargetId"
diff --git a/packages/vue/src/primitives/LayerTree/context.ts b/packages/vue/src/primitives/LayerTree/context.ts
index f07a299f8..18c73bcac 100644
--- a/packages/vue/src/primitives/LayerTree/context.ts
+++ b/packages/vue/src/primitives/LayerTree/context.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,21 @@ export interface LayerNode {
   children?: LayerNode[]
 }
 
+export interface LayerRow {
+  node: LayerNode
+  level: number
+  hasChildren: boolean
+}
+
+export interface LayerSelectionMode {
+  additive: boolean
+  range: boolean
+}
+
+export interface LayerTreeVirtualizer {
+  scrollToIndex: (index: number, options?: { align?: 'auto' | 'center' | 'end' | 'start' }) => void
+}
+
 export interface LayerDragInstruction {
   type: 'reorder-above' | 'reorder-below' | 'make-child'
 }
@@ -20,8 +35,10 @@ export interface LayerTreeContext {
   editor: Editor
   items: Ref<LayerNode[]>
   expanded: Ref<string[]>
+  visibleRows: ComputedRef<LayerRow[]>
   treeVersion: Ref<number>
   selectedIds: ComputedRef<Set<string>>
+  focused: Ref<boolean>
   indentPerLevel: number
   draggingId: Ref<string | null>
   instruction: Ref<LayerDragInstruction | null>
@@ -30,8 +47,10 @@ export interface LayerTreeContext {
     el: Ref<HTMLElement | null>,
     item: () => { id: string; level: number; hasChildren: boolean; parentId: string | null }
   ) => void
-  select: (id: string, additive: boolean) => void
+  select: (id: string, selection: boolean | LayerSelectionMode) => void
   toggleExpand: (id: string) => void
+  setFocused: (focused: boolean) => void
+  setVirtualizer: (virtualizer: LayerTreeVirtualizer) => void
   toggleVisibility: (id: string) => void
   toggleLock: (id: string) => void
   rename: (id: string, name: string) => void
diff --git a/packages/vue/src/primitives/LayerTree/index.ts b/packages/vue/src/primitives/LayerTree/index.ts
index c4d9a166e..901af85f8 100644
--- a/packages/vue/src/primitives/LayerTree/index.ts
+++ b/packages/vue/src/primitives/LayerTree/index.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,16 @@ export { default as LayerTreeItem } from '#vue/primitives/LayerTree/LayerTreeIte
 export { useLayerTree } from '#vue/primitives/LayerTree/context'
 export type {
   LayerDragInstruction,
+  LayerNode,
+  LayerRow,
+  LayerSelectionMode,
   LayerTreeContext,
-  LayerNode
+  LayerTreeVirtualizer
 } from '#vue/primitives/LayerTree/context'
+export {
+  buildLayerTreeModel,
+  indexLayerNodes,
+  layerSelectionForTarget,
+  patchLayerNode,
+  visibleLayerRows
+} from '#vue/primitives/LayerTree/model'
diff --git a/packages/vue/src/primitives/LayerTree/model.ts b/packages/vue/src/primitives/LayerTree/model.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..daf8c524a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/vue/src/primitives/LayerTree/model.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+import type { SceneGraph, SceneNode } from '@open-pencil/scene-graph'
+
+import type { LayerNode, LayerRow, LayerSelectionMode } from '#vue/primitives/LayerTree/context'
+
+function nodeToLayerNode(node: SceneNode): LayerNode {
+  return {
+    id: node.id,
+    name: node.name,
+    type: node.type,
+    layoutMode: node.layoutMode,
+    visible: node.visible,
+    locked: node.locked
+  }
+}
+
+export interface LayerTreeModel {
+  items: LayerNode[]
+  byId: Map<string, LayerNode>
+}
+
+export function buildLayerTreeModel(graph: SceneGraph, parentId: string): LayerTreeModel {
+  const byId = new Map<string, LayerNode>()
+
+  const buildChildren = (id: string): LayerNode[] => {
+    const parent = graph.getNode(id)
+    if (!parent) return []
+    const children: LayerNode[] = []
+    for (const childId of parent.childIds) {
+      const sceneNode = graph.getNode(childId)
+      if (!sceneNode) continue
+      const node = nodeToLayerNode(sceneNode)
+      byId.set(node.id, node)
+      if (sceneNode.childIds.length > 0) node.children = buildChildren(node.id)
+      children.push(node)
+    }
+    return children
+  }
+
+  return { items: buildChildren(parentId), byId }
+}
+
+export function indexLayerNodes(items: readonly LayerNode[]): Map<string, LayerNode> {
+  const byId = new Map<string, LayerNode>()
+  const visit = (nodes: readonly LayerNode[]) => {
+    for (const node of nodes) {
+      byId.set(node.id, node)
+      if (node.children) visit(node.children)
+    }
+  }
+  visit(items)
+  return byId
+}
+
+export function patchLayerNode(target: LayerNode, source: SceneNode): boolean {
+  const changed =
+    target.name !== source.name ||
+    target.type !== source.type ||
+    target.layoutMode !== source.layoutMode ||
+    target.visible !== source.visible ||
+    target.locked !== source.locked
+  if (!changed) return false
+  target.name = source.name
+  target.type = source.type
+  target.layoutMode = source.layoutMode
+  target.visible = source.visible
+  target.locked = source.locked
+  return true
+}
+
+export function visibleLayerRows(
+  items: readonly LayerNode[],
+  expandedIds: ReadonlySet<string>
+): LayerRow[] {
+  const rows: LayerRow[] = []
+  const append = (nodes: readonly LayerNode[], level: number) => {
+    for (const node of nodes) {
+      const hasChildren = (node.children?.length ?? 0) > 0
+      rows.push({ node, level, hasChildren })
+      if (hasChildren && expandedIds.has(node.id)) append(node.children ?? [], level + 1)
+    }
+  }
+  append(items, 1)
+  return rows
+}
+
+export function layerSelectionForTarget(
+  visibleIds: readonly string[],
+  currentIds: ReadonlySet<string>,
+  anchorId: string | null,
+  targetId: string,
+  mode: LayerSelectionMode
+): Set<string> {
+  if (!mode.range || !anchorId) {
+    if (!mode.additive) return new Set([targetId])
+    const next = new Set(currentIds)
+    if (next.has(targetId)) next.delete(targetId)
+    else next.add(targetId)
+    return next
+  }
+
+  const anchorIndex = visibleIds.indexOf(anchorId)
+  const targetIndex = visibleIds.indexOf(targetId)
+  if (anchorIndex === -1 || targetIndex === -1) return new Set([targetId])
+  const start = Math.min(anchorIndex, targetIndex)
+  const end = Math.max(anchorIndex, targetIndex)
+  const next = mode.additive ? new Set(currentIds) : new Set<string>()
+  for (let index = start; index <= end; index++) {
+    const id = visibleIds[index]
+    if (id) next.add(id)
+  }
+  return next
+}
diff --git a/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTree.stories.ts b/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTree.stories.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..68ba3a012
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTree.stories.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import type { Meta, StoryObj } from '@storybook/vue3-vite'
+import { expect, within } from 'storybook/test'
+
+import LayerTreeThemeDemo from './demo/LayerTreeThemeDemo.vue'
+
+const meta = {
+  title: 'Design System/Editor/Layer Tree',
+  component: LayerTreeThemeDemo,
+  tags: ['autodocs'],
+  parameters: {
+    docs: {
+      description: {
+        component:
+          'Layer Tree theme states for selection focus, visibility, locking, dragging, drop instructions, and rename.'
+      }
+    }
+  }
+} satisfies Meta<typeof LayerTreeThemeDemo>
+
+export default meta
+type Story = StoryObj<typeof meta>
+
+export const StateMatrix: Story = {
+  play: async ({ canvasElement }) => {
+    const canvas = within(canvasElement)
+    await expect(canvas.getByLabelText('Selected focused').firstElementChild).toHaveAttribute(
+      'data-focused'
+    )
+    await expect(canvas.getByLabelText('Selected unfocused').firstElementChild).toHaveAttribute(
+      'data-selected'
+    )
+    await expect(canvas.getByLabelText('Hidden').firstElementChild).toHaveAttribute('data-hidden')
+    await expect(canvas.getByLabelText('Dragging').firstElementChild).toHaveAttribute(
+      'data-dragging'
+    )
+    await expect(canvas.getByLabelText('Child drop').firstElementChild).toHaveAttribute(
+      'data-drop-position',
+      'child'
+    )
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTree.vue b/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTree.vue
index c886de7aa..e1746b827 100644
--- a/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTree.vue
+++ b/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTree.vue
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import { useAttrs } from 'vue'
+import { tv } from 'tailwind-variants'
 import {
   TreeItem,
   TreeVirtualizer,
@@ -9,15 +10,27 @@ import {
 } from 'reka-ui'
 
 import { LayerTreeRoot, LayerTreeItem, useInlineRename } from '@open-pencil/vue'
-import type { LayerDragInstruction, LayerNode } from '@open-pencil/vue'
+import type {
+  LayerDragInstruction,
+  LayerNode,
+  LayerSelectionMode,
+  LayerTreeVirtualizer
+} from '@open-pencil/vue'
 import { useEditorStore } from '@/app/editor/active-store'
 import CanvasMenu from '../canvas/CanvasMenu.vue'
 import LayerTreeNodeRow from './LayerTreeNodeRow.vue'
 import LayerTreeRenameRow from './LayerTreeRenameRow.vue'
+import { provideLayerTreeUI } from './ui'
+
+import layerTreeTheme from '@/theme/layer-tree'
+
+import type { LayerTreeUI } from './ui'
 
 interface LayerTreeRootActions {
-  select: (id: string, additive: boolean) => void
+  select: (id: string, selection: boolean | LayerSelectionMode) => void
   toggleExpand: (id: string) => void
+  setFocused: (focused: boolean) => void
+  setVirtualizer: (virtualizer: LayerTreeVirtualizer) => void
 }
 
 interface LayerTreeSlotScope {
@@ -25,12 +38,17 @@ interface LayerTreeSlotScope {
   draggingId: string | null
   instruction: LayerDragInstruction | null
   instructionTargetId: string | null
+  focused: boolean
 }
 
 defineOptions({ inheritAttrs: false })
 
+const { ui } = defineProps<{ ui?: LayerTreeUI }>()
+
 const INDENT = 16
 const attrs = useAttrs()
+const styles = tv(layerTreeTheme)()
+provideLayerTreeUI(() => ui)
 const store = useEditorStore()
 const rename = useInlineRename((id, name) => store.renameNode(id, name))
 const renameControls = {
@@ -45,14 +63,21 @@ function onLayerRightClick(e: MouseEvent) {
   if (!store.state.selectedIds.has(row.dataset.nodeId)) store.select([row.dataset.nodeId])
 }
 
-function isAdditiveSelect(e: CustomEvent): boolean {
+function layerSelectionMode(e: CustomEvent): LayerSelectionMode {
   const mouseEvent = e.detail?.originalEvent as MouseEvent | undefined
-  return !!(mouseEvent?.shiftKey || mouseEvent?.metaKey || mouseEvent?.ctrlKey)
+  return {
+    additive: !!(mouseEvent?.metaKey || mouseEvent?.ctrlKey),
+    range: !!mouseEvent?.shiftKey
+  }
 }
 
-function onTreeSelect(e: CustomEvent, id: string, select: (id: string, additive: boolean) => void) {
+function onTreeSelect(
+  e: CustomEvent,
+  id: string,
+  select: (id: string, selection: boolean | LayerSelectionMode) => void
+) {
   e.preventDefault()
-  select(id, isAdditiveSelect(e))
+  select(id, layerSelectionMode(e))
 }
 
 function isLayerNode(value: unknown): value is LayerNode {
@@ -88,62 +113,98 @@ function chrome(scope: Omit<LayerTreeSlotScope, 'actions'>) {
     draggingId: scope.draggingId,
     instruction: scope.instruction,
     instructionTargetId: scope.instructionTargetId,
+    focused: scope.focused,
     indent: INDENT
   }
 }
+
+function registerVirtualizer(
+  actions: LayerTreeRootActions,
+  virtualizer: LayerTreeVirtualizer
+): boolean {
+  actions.setVirtualizer(virtualizer)
+  return true
+}
+
+function onFocusOut(event: FocusEvent, actions: LayerTreeRootActions) {
+  const next = event.relatedTarget
+  if (
+    next instanceof Node &&
+    event.currentTarget instanceof Node &&
+    event.currentTarget.contains(next)
+  ) {
+    return
+  }
+  actions.setFocused(false)
+}
 </script>
 
 <template>
   <LayerTreeRoot v-slot="scope" :indent-per-level="INDENT">
     <ContextMenuRoot :modal="false">
-      <div v-bind="attrs" class="relative min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden">
+      <div
+        v-bind="attrs"
+        class="relative min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-hidden"
+        @focusin="scope.actions.setFocused(true)"
+        @focusout="onFocusOut($event, scope.actions)"
+      >
         <ContextMenuTrigger as-child @contextmenu="onLayerRightClick">
-          <div data-test-id="layers-scroll" class="scrollbar-thin h-full overflow-y-auto px-1">
-            <TreeVirtualizer v-slot="{ item }" :estimate-size="24" :text-content="layerTextContent">
-              <TreeItem
-                v-slot="{ isExpanded }"
-                v-bind="item.bind"
-                as-child
-                @select="
-                  (e: CustomEvent) =>
-                    onTreeSelect(e, toLayerNode(item.value).id, scope.actions.select)
-                "
-                @toggle="
-                  (e: CustomEvent) => {
-                    if (e.detail.originalEvent?.type === 'click') e.preventDefault()
-                  }
-                "
-              >
-                <LayerTreeItem
-                  v-slot="{ node, isSelected, padLeft, actions }"
-                  :node="toLayerNode(item.value)"
-                  :level="item.level"
-                  :has-children="item.hasChildren"
+          <div
+            data-test-id="layers-scroll"
+            data-slot="viewport"
+            :class="styles.viewport({ class: ui?.viewport })"
+          >
+            <TreeVirtualizer
+              v-slot="{ item, virtualizer }"
+              :estimate-size="24"
+              :text-content="layerTextContent"
+            >
+              <template v-if="registerVirtualizer(scope.actions, virtualizer)">
+                <TreeItem
+                  v-slot="{ isExpanded }"
+                  v-bind="item.bind"
+                  as-child
+                  @select="
+                    (e: CustomEvent) =>
+                      onTreeSelect(e, toLayerNode(item.value).id, scope.actions.select)
+                  "
+                  @toggle="
+                    (e: CustomEvent) => {
+                      if (e.detail.originalEvent?.type === 'click') e.preventDefault()
+                    }
+                  "
                 >
-                  <LayerTreeRenameRow
-                    v-if="rename.editingId.value === node.id"
-                    :node="node"
-                    :has-children="item.hasChildren"
-                    :pad-left="padLeft"
-                    :expanded="isExpanded"
-                    :actions="actions"
-                    :rename-controls="renameControls"
-                  />
-
-                  <LayerTreeNodeRow
-                    v-else
-                    :node="node"
+                  <LayerTreeItem
+                    v-slot="{ node, isSelected, padLeft, actions }"
+                    :node="toLayerNode(item.value)"
                     :level="item.level"
                     :has-children="item.hasChildren"
-                    :selected="isSelected"
-                    :pad-left="padLeft"
-                    :expanded="isExpanded"
-                    :actions="actions"
-                    :chrome="chrome(scope)"
-                    @rename-start="rename.start"
-                  />
-                </LayerTreeItem>
-              </TreeItem>
+                  >
+                    <LayerTreeRenameRow
+                      v-if="rename.editingId.value === node.id"
+                      :node="node"
+                      :has-children="item.hasChildren"
+                      :pad-left="padLeft"
+                      :expanded="isExpanded"
+                      :actions="actions"
+                      :rename-controls="renameControls"
+                    />
+
+                    <LayerTreeNodeRow
+                      v-else
+                      :node="node"
+                      :level="item.level"
+                      :has-children="item.hasChildren"
+                      :selected="isSelected"
+                      :pad-left="padLeft"
+                      :expanded="isExpanded"
+                      :actions="actions"
+                      :chrome="chrome(scope)"
+                      @rename-start="rename.start"
+                    />
+                  </LayerTreeItem>
+                </TreeItem>
+              </template>
             </TreeVirtualizer>
           </div>
         </ContextMenuTrigger>
diff --git a/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTreeActions.vue b/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTreeActions.vue
index c7436f809..c0bafe810 100644
--- a/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTreeActions.vue
+++ b/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTreeActions.vue
@@ -1,6 +1,13 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
+import { computed } from 'vue'
+import { tv } from 'tailwind-variants'
+
 import { useI18n } from '@open-pencil/vue'
+
 import Tip from '../ui/Tip.vue'
+import { useLayerTreeUI } from './ui'
+
+import layerTreeTheme from '@/theme/layer-tree'
 
 import type { LayerNode } from '@open-pencil/vue'
 
@@ -15,48 +22,57 @@ const emit = defineEmits<{
 }>()
 
 const { menu: t } = useI18n()
+const ui = useLayerTreeUI()
+const layerTree = tv(layerTreeTheme)
+const styles = computed(() => layerTree({ actionsVisible: node.locked || !node.visible }))
+const lockStyles = computed(() => layerTree({ actionActive: node.locked }))
+const visibilityStyles = computed(() => layerTree({ actionActive: !node.visible }))
 </script>
 
 <template>
   <span
-    class="flex shrink-0 items-center gap-0.5"
-    :class="!node.locked && node.visible ? 'opacity-0 group-hover/row:opacity-100' : ''"
+    data-slot="actions"
+    :data-selected="selected || undefined"
+    :data-persistent="node.locked || !node.visible || undefined"
+    :class="styles.actions({ class: ui?.actions })"
   >
     <Tip :label="node.locked ? t.unlock : t.lock">
       <button
         type="button"
-        class="flex size-4 items-center justify-center rounded hover:bg-white/15"
+        data-slot="action"
+        :class="styles.action({ class: ui?.action })"
         @pointerdown.stop
         @click.stop="emit('toggleLock')"
       >
         <icon-lucide-lock
           v-if="node.locked"
-          class="size-3"
-          :class="selected ? 'text-white' : 'text-surface'"
+          data-slot="action-icon"
+          :class="lockStyles.actionIcon({ class: ui?.actionIcon })"
         />
         <icon-lucide-unlock
           v-else
-          class="size-3 opacity-0 group-hover/row:opacity-100"
-          :class="selected ? 'text-white/80' : 'text-surface/70'"
+          data-slot="action-icon"
+          :class="lockStyles.actionIcon({ class: ui?.actionIcon })"
         />
       </button>
     </Tip>
     <Tip :label="node.visible ? t.hide : t.show">
       <button
         type="button"
-        class="flex size-4 items-center justify-center rounded hover:bg-white/15"
+        data-slot="action"
+        :class="styles.action({ class: ui?.action })"
         @pointerdown.stop
         @click.stop="emit('toggleVisibility')"
       >
         <icon-lucide-eye-off
           v-if="!node.visible"
-          class="size-3"
-          :class="selected ? 'text-white' : 'text-surface'"
+          data-slot="action-icon"
+          :class="visibilityStyles.actionIcon({ class: ui?.actionIcon })"
         />
         <icon-lucide-eye
           v-else
-          class="size-3 opacity-0 group-hover/row:opacity-100"
-          :class="selected ? 'text-white/80' : 'text-surface/70'"
+          data-slot="action-icon"
+          :class="visibilityStyles.actionIcon({ class: ui?.actionIcon })"
         />
       </button>
     </Tip>
diff --git a/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTreeDisclosure.vue b/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTreeDisclosure.vue
index 5cae6f01f..6d2556f23 100644
--- a/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTreeDisclosure.vue
+++ b/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTreeDisclosure.vue
@@ -1,4 +1,11 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
+import { computed } from 'vue'
+import { tv } from 'tailwind-variants'
+
+import { useLayerTreeUI } from './ui'
+
+import layerTreeTheme from '@/theme/layer-tree'
+
 const { expanded, visible } = defineProps<{
   expanded: boolean
   visible: boolean
@@ -7,17 +14,26 @@ const { expanded, visible } = defineProps<{
 const emit = defineEmits<{
   toggle: []
 }>()
+
+const ui = useLayerTreeUI()
+const layerTree = tv(layerTreeTheme)
+const styles = computed(() => layerTree({ expanded }))
 </script>
 
 <template>
   <button
     v-if="visible"
     type="button"
-    class="flex w-4 shrink-0 cursor-pointer items-center justify-center text-muted transition-transform hover:text-surface"
-    :class="expanded ? 'rotate-90' : 'rotate-0'"
+    data-slot="disclosure"
+    :data-expanded="expanded || undefined"
+    :class="styles.disclosure({ class: ui?.disclosure })"
     @click.stop="emit('toggle')"
   >
     <icon-lucide-chevron-right class="size-3" />
   </button>
-  <span v-else class="w-4 shrink-0" />
+  <span
+    v-else
+    data-slot="disclosure-placeholder"
+    :class="styles.disclosurePlaceholder({ class: ui?.disclosurePlaceholder })"
+  />
 </template>
diff --git a/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTreeDropIndicator.vue b/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTreeDropIndicator.vue
index 54ee38e58..0ca7ec335 100644
--- a/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTreeDropIndicator.vue
+++ b/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTreeDropIndicator.vue
@@ -1,4 +1,11 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
+import { computed } from 'vue'
+import { tv } from 'tailwind-variants'
+
+import { useLayerTreeUI } from './ui'
+
+import layerTreeTheme from '@/theme/layer-tree'
+
 import type { LayerDragInstruction } from '@open-pencil/vue'
 
 const { active, instruction, level, indent } = defineProps<{
@@ -7,28 +14,28 @@ const { active, instruction, level, indent } = defineProps<{
   level: number
   indent: number
 }>()
+
+const position = computed(() => {
+  if (!instruction) return null
+  if (instruction.type === 'make-child') return 'child' as const
+  return instruction.type === 'reorder-above' ? ('above' as const) : ('below' as const)
+})
+const indicatorStyle = computed(() => {
+  if (position.value === 'child') return { left: `${level * indent}px`, right: '4px' }
+  const offset = (level - 1) * indent
+  return { left: `${offset}px`, width: `calc(100% - ${offset}px)` }
+})
+const ui = useLayerTreeUI()
+const layerTree = tv(layerTreeTheme)
+const styles = computed(() => layerTree({ dropPosition: position.value ?? undefined }))
 </script>
 
 <template>
   <div
-    v-if="active && instruction?.type === 'make-child'"
-    class="pointer-events-none absolute inset-y-1 rounded border border-accent bg-accent/10"
-    :style="{
-      left: `${level * indent}px`,
-      right: '4px'
-    }"
-  />
-
-  <div
-    v-else-if="active && instruction"
-    class="pointer-events-none absolute h-0.5 bg-accent"
-    :class="{
-      'bottom-0': instruction.type === 'reorder-below',
-      'top-0': instruction.type === 'reorder-above'
-    }"
-    :style="{
-      left: `${(level - 1) * indent}px`,
-      width: `calc(100% - ${(level - 1) * indent}px)`
-    }"
+    v-if="active && position"
+    data-slot="drop-indicator"
+    :data-drop-position="position"
+    :class="styles.dropIndicator({ class: ui?.dropIndicator })"
+    :style="indicatorStyle"
   />
 </template>
diff --git a/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTreeNodeRow.vue b/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTreeNodeRow.vue
index 23cfa42b1..25d82fc47 100644
--- a/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTreeNodeRow.vue
+++ b/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTreeNodeRow.vue
@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
+import { computed } from 'vue'
+import { tv } from 'tailwind-variants'
+
 import { COMPONENT_TYPES, nodeIcon } from '@/app/editor/icons'
 import LayerTreeActions from './LayerTreeActions.vue'
 import LayerTreeDisclosure from './LayerTreeDisclosure.vue'
 import LayerTreeDropIndicator from './LayerTreeDropIndicator.vue'
+import { useLayerTreeUI } from './ui'
+
+import layerTreeTheme from '@/theme/layer-tree'
 
 import type { LayerNode } from '@open-pencil/vue'
 import type { LayerTreeChrome, LayerTreeItemActions } from './types'
@@ -21,20 +27,36 @@ const { node, level, hasChildren, selected, padLeft, expanded, actions, chrome }
 const emit = defineEmits<{
   renameStart: [id: string, name: string]
 }>()
+
+const ui = useLayerTreeUI()
+const layerTree = tv(layerTreeTheme)
+const styles = computed(() =>
+  layerTree({
+    selected,
+    focused: chrome.focused,
+    dragging: chrome.draggingId === node.id,
+    visible: node.visible,
+    component: COMPONENT_TYPES.has(node.type),
+    childDropTarget:
+      chrome.instructionTargetId === node.id && chrome.instruction?.type === 'make-child'
+  })
+)
 </script>
 
 <template>
   <div
     data-test-id="layers-item"
-    class="group/row relative flex w-full cursor-pointer items-center gap-1 rounded border-none py-1 pr-1 text-left text-xs"
-    :class="[
-      selected ? 'bg-accent text-white' : 'bg-transparent text-surface hover:bg-hover',
-      chrome.draggingId === node.id ? 'opacity-30' : '',
+    data-slot="row"
+    :data-selected="selected || undefined"
+    :data-focused="chrome.focused || undefined"
+    :data-dragging="chrome.draggingId === node.id || undefined"
+    :data-hidden="!node.visible || undefined"
+    :data-drop-position="
       chrome.instructionTargetId === node.id && chrome.instruction?.type === 'make-child'
-        ? 'bg-accent/15 text-surface outline-2 outline-accent outline-offset-[-2px]'
-        : '',
-      !node.visible ? 'opacity-50' : ''
-    ]"
+        ? 'child'
+        : undefined
+    "
+    :class="styles.row({ class: ui?.row })"
     :style="{ paddingLeft: padLeft }"
     @dblclick="emit('renameStart', node.id, node.name)"
   >
@@ -44,12 +66,8 @@ const emit = defineEmits<{
       @toggle="actions.toggleExpand"
     />
 
-    <component
-      :is="nodeIcon(node)"
-      class="size-3 shrink-0"
-      :class="COMPONENT_TYPES.has(node.type) ? 'text-component opacity-100' : 'opacity-70'"
-    />
-    <span class="min-w-0 flex-1 truncate">{{ node.name }}</span>
+    <component :is="nodeIcon(node)" data-slot="icon" :class="styles.icon({ class: ui?.icon })" />
+    <span data-slot="label" :class="styles.label({ class: ui?.label })">{{ node.name }}</span>
 
     <LayerTreeActions
       :node="node"
diff --git a/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTreeRenameRow.vue b/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTreeRenameRow.vue
index cdc354f35..08a674926 100644
--- a/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTreeRenameRow.vue
+++ b/src/components/LayerTree/LayerTreeRenameRow.vue
@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
-import { useTemplateRef, watch } from 'vue'
+import { computed, useTemplateRef, watch } from 'vue'
+import { tv } from 'tailwind-variants'
 import { nodeIcon } from '@/app/editor/icons'
 import LayerTreeDisclosure from './LayerTreeDisclosure.vue'
+import { useLayerTreeUI } from './ui'
+
+import layerTreeTheme from '@/theme/layer-tree'
 
 import type { LayerNode } from '@open-pencil/vue'
 import type { LayerRenameControls, LayerTreeItemActions } from './types'
 
-const { renameControls } = defineProps<{
+const { renameControls, expanded } = defineProps<{
   node: LayerNode
   hasChildren: boolean
   padLeft: string
@@ -16,6 +20,9 @@ const { renameControls } = defineProps<{
 }>()
 
 const renameInput = useTemplateRef<HTMLInputElement>('renameInput')
+const ui = useLayerTreeUI()
+const layerTree = tv(layerTreeTheme)
+const styles = computed(() => layerTree({ expanded }))
 
 watch(renameInput, (input) => {
   if (input) void renameControls.focusInput(input)
@@ -23,18 +30,27 @@ watch(renameInput, (input) => {
 </script>
 
 <template>
-  <div class="flex w-full items-center gap-1 py-1" :style="{ paddingLeft: padLeft }">
+  <div
+    data-slot="rename-row"
+    :class="styles.renameRow({ class: ui?.renameRow })"
+    :style="{ paddingLeft: padLeft }"
+  >
     <LayerTreeDisclosure
       :expanded="expanded"
       :visible="hasChildren"
       @toggle="actions.toggleExpand"
     />
-    <component :is="nodeIcon(node)" class="size-3 shrink-0 opacity-70" />
+    <component
+      :is="nodeIcon(node)"
+      data-slot="rename-icon"
+      :class="styles.renameIcon({ class: ui?.renameIcon })"
+    />
     <input
       ref="renameInput"
       data-layer-edit
       data-test-id="layers-item-input"
-      class="min-w-0 flex-1 rounded border border-accent bg-input px-1 py-0 text-xs text-surface outline-none"
+      data-slot="rename-input"
+      :class="styles.renameInput({ class: ui?.renameInput })"
       :value="node.name"
       @blur="renameControls.commit(node.id, $event)"
       @keydown.stop="renameControls.onKeydown"
diff --git a/src/components/LayerTree/demo/LayerTreeThemeDemo.vue b/src/components/LayerTree/demo/LayerTreeThemeDemo.vue
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b4f3137d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/LayerTree/demo/LayerTreeThemeDemo.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+<script setup lang="ts">
+import LayerTreeNodeRow from '../LayerTreeNodeRow.vue'
+import LayerTreeRenameRow from '../LayerTreeRenameRow.vue'
+import { provideLayerTreeUI } from '../ui'
+
+import type { LayerNode } from '@open-pencil/vue'
+import type { LayerRenameControls, LayerTreeChrome, LayerTreeItemActions } from '../types'
+
+provideLayerTreeUI(() => undefined)
+
+function noop() {
+  return undefined
+}
+
+const actions: LayerTreeItemActions = {
+  select: noop,
+  toggleExpand: noop,
+  toggleVisibility: noop,
+  toggleLock: noop,
+  rename: noop
+}
+const renameControls: LayerRenameControls = {
+  commit: noop,
+  onKeydown: noop,
+  focusInput: async (input) => {
+    input.focus()
+  }
+}
+
+function node(id: string, overrides: Partial<LayerNode> = {}): LayerNode {
+  return {
+    id,
+    name: id,
+    type: 'RECTANGLE',
+    layoutMode: 'NONE',
+    visible: true,
+    locked: false,
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+function chrome(overrides: Partial<LayerTreeChrome> = {}): LayerTreeChrome {
+  return {
+    draggingId: null,
+    instruction: null,
+    instructionTargetId: null,
+    focused: false,
+    indent: 16,
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+const states = [
+  { label: 'Normal', node: node('Normal'), selected: false, chrome: chrome() },
+  {
+    label: 'Selected focused',
+    node: node('Selected focused'),
+    selected: true,
+    chrome: chrome({ focused: true })
+  },
+  {
+    label: 'Selected unfocused',
+    node: node('Selected unfocused'),
+    selected: true,
+    chrome: chrome()
+  },
+  { label: 'Hidden', node: node('Hidden', { visible: false }), selected: false, chrome: chrome() },
+  { label: 'Locked', node: node('Locked', { locked: true }), selected: false, chrome: chrome() },
+  {
+    label: 'Component',
+    node: node('Component', { type: 'COMPONENT' }),
+    selected: false,
+    chrome: chrome()
+  },
+  {
+    label: 'Dragging',
+    node: node('Dragging'),
+    selected: false,
+    chrome: chrome({ draggingId: 'Dragging' })
+  },
+  {
+    label: 'Child drop',
+    node: node('Child drop'),
+    selected: false,
+    chrome: chrome({
+      instruction: { type: 'make-child' },
+      instructionTargetId: 'Child drop'
+    })
+  },
+  {
+    label: 'Drop above',
+    node: node('Drop above'),
+    selected: false,
+    chrome: chrome({
+      instruction: { type: 'reorder-above' },
+      instructionTargetId: 'Drop above'
+    })
+  },
+  {
+    label: 'Drop below',
+    node: node('Drop below'),
+    selected: false,
+    chrome: chrome({
+      instruction: { type: 'reorder-below' },
+      instructionTargetId: 'Drop below'
+    })
+  }
+]
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <div class="w-72 rounded-lg border border-border bg-panel p-2 shadow-lg">
+    <div class="mb-2 text-[11px] font-semibold tracking-wider text-muted uppercase">
+      Layer Tree states
+    </div>
+    <div class="space-y-1">
+      <div v-for="state in states" :key="state.label" :aria-label="state.label">
+        <LayerTreeNodeRow
+          :node="state.node"
+          :level="1"
+          has-children
+          :selected="state.selected"
+          pad-left="8px"
+          :expanded="state.label === 'Normal'"
+          :actions="actions"
+          :chrome="state.chrome"
+        />
+      </div>
+      <div aria-label="Rename">
+        <LayerTreeRenameRow
+          :node="node('Rename')"
+          :has-children="false"
+          pad-left="8px"
+          :expanded="false"
+          :actions="actions"
+          :rename-controls="renameControls"
+        />
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</template>
diff --git a/src/components/LayerTree/types.ts b/src/components/LayerTree/types.ts
index c4634d7ad..4ae0fd875 100644
--- a/src/components/LayerTree/types.ts
+++ b/src/components/LayerTree/types.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ export interface LayerTreeChrome {
   draggingId: string | null
   instruction: LayerDragInstruction | null
   instructionTargetId: string | null
+  focused: boolean
   indent: number
 }
 
diff --git a/src/components/LayerTree/ui.ts b/src/components/LayerTree/ui.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a9888de8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/LayerTree/ui.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import { type ComputedRef, type InjectionKey, computed, inject, provide } from 'vue'
+
+import type { ComponentUI } from '@/components/ui/types'
+import type { LayerTreeTheme } from '@/theme/layer-tree'
+
+export type LayerTreeUI = ComponentUI<LayerTreeTheme>
+
+const LAYER_TREE_UI_KEY: InjectionKey<ComputedRef<LayerTreeUI | undefined>> =
+  Symbol('layer-tree-ui')
+
+export function provideLayerTreeUI(ui: () => LayerTreeUI | undefined) {
+  provide(LAYER_TREE_UI_KEY, computed(ui))
+}
+
+export function useLayerTreeUI(): ComputedRef<LayerTreeUI | undefined> {
+  return inject(
+    LAYER_TREE_UI_KEY,
+    computed(() => undefined)
+  )
+}
diff --git a/src/theme/layer-tree.ts b/src/theme/layer-tree.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63ec26ac0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/theme/layer-tree.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+const layerTreeTheme = {
+  slots: {
+    viewport: 'scrollbar-thin h-full overflow-y-auto px-1',
+    row: 'group/row relative flex w-full cursor-pointer items-center gap-1 rounded border-none bg-transparent py-1 pr-1 text-left text-xs text-surface hover:bg-hover',
+    disclosure:
+      'flex w-4 shrink-0 cursor-pointer items-center justify-center text-muted transition-transform hover:text-surface',
+    disclosurePlaceholder: 'w-4 shrink-0',
+    icon: 'size-3 shrink-0',
+    label: 'min-w-0 flex-1 truncate',
+    actions: 'flex shrink-0 items-center gap-0.5',
+    action:
+      'flex size-4 items-center justify-center rounded text-current outline-none hover:bg-white/15 focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-panel-focus',
+    actionIcon: 'size-3',
+    dropIndicator: 'pointer-events-none absolute bg-accent',
+    renameRow: 'flex w-full items-center gap-1 py-1',
+    renameIcon: 'size-3 shrink-0 opacity-70',
+    renameInput:
+      'min-w-0 flex-1 rounded border border-accent bg-input px-1 py-0 text-xs text-surface outline-none'
+  },
+  variants: {
+    selected: {
+      true: { row: 'bg-panel-selected text-surface hover:bg-panel-selected' },
+      false: { row: 'bg-transparent text-surface hover:bg-hover' }
+    },
+    focused: {
+      true: {},
+      false: {}
+    },
+    dragging: {
+      true: { row: 'opacity-30' },
+      false: {}
+    },
+    visible: {
+      true: {},
+      false: { row: 'opacity-50' }
+    },
+    component: {
+      true: { icon: 'text-component opacity-100' },
+      false: { icon: 'opacity-70' }
+    },
+    expanded: {
+      true: { disclosure: 'rotate-90' },
+      false: { disclosure: 'rotate-0' }
+    },
+    actionsVisible: {
+      true: {},
+      false: {
+        actions: 'opacity-0 group-hover/row:opacity-100 group-focus-within/row:opacity-100'
+      }
+    },
+    actionActive: {
+      true: { actionIcon: 'opacity-100' },
+      false: {
+        actionIcon: 'opacity-0 group-hover/row:opacity-70 group-focus-within/row:opacity-70'
+      }
+    },
+    childDropTarget: {
+      true: {
+        row: 'bg-accent/15 text-surface'
+      },
+      false: {}
+    },
+    dropPosition: {
+      child: {
+        dropIndicator: 'inset-y-1 rounded border border-accent bg-accent/10'
+      },
+      above: { dropIndicator: 'top-0 h-0.5' },
+      below: { dropIndicator: 'bottom-0 h-0.5' }
+    }
+  },
+  compoundVariants: [
+    {
+      selected: true,
+      focused: false,
+      class: { row: 'bg-panel-selected-muted text-surface hover:bg-panel-selected-muted' }
+    }
+  ],
+  defaultVariants: {
+    selected: false,
+    focused: false,
+    dragging: false,
+    visible: true,
+    component: false,
+    expanded: false,
+    actionsVisible: true,
+    actionActive: false,
+    childDropTarget: false
+  }
+}
+
+export type LayerTreeTheme = typeof layerTreeTheme
+export default layerTreeTheme
diff --git a/tests/e2e/layers/large-tree.spec.ts b/tests/e2e/layers/large-tree.spec.ts
index f472975c1..dc7a8e35b 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/layers/large-tree.spec.ts
+++ b/tests/e2e/layers/large-tree.spec.ts
@@ -2,19 +2,23 @@ import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test'
 
 import { CanvasHelper } from '#tests/helpers/canvas'
 
-const NODE_COUNT = 1200
+const NODE_COUNT = 5000
 
 test('large layer trees stay virtualized and scrollable', async ({ page }) => {
   const canvas = new CanvasHelper(page)
   await page.goto('/?test&no-rulers')
   await canvas.waitForInit()
 
-  await page.evaluate((count: number) => {
+  const replaceStartedAt = await page.evaluate((count: number) => {
     const store = window.openPencil?.getStore?.()
     if (!store) throw new Error('OpenPencil store not initialized')
 
+    const Graph = store.graph.constructor as new () => typeof store.graph
+    const graph = new Graph()
+    const pageId = graph.getPages()[0]?.id
+    if (!pageId) throw new Error('Page not initialized')
     for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      store.graph.createNode('RECTANGLE', store.state.currentPageId, {
+      graph.createNode('RECTANGLE', pageId, {
         name: `Layer ${String(i + 1).padStart(4, '0')}`,
         x: (i % 40) * 24,
         y: Math.floor(i / 40) * 24,
@@ -30,7 +34,9 @@ test('large layer trees stay virtualized and scrollable', async ({ page }) => {
         ]
       })
     }
-    store.requestRender()
+    const startedAt = performance.now()
+    store.replaceGraph(graph)
+    return startedAt
   }, NODE_COUNT)
 
   await canvas.waitForRender()
@@ -39,13 +45,21 @@ test('large layer trees stay virtualized and scrollable', async ({ page }) => {
   const rows = page.getByTestId('layers-item')
 
   await expect(rows.first()).toContainText('Layer 0001')
-  await expect.poll(() => rows.count()).toBeLessThan(200)
+  await expect.poll(() => rows.count()).toBeLessThan(250)
+  await expect
+    .poll(() => page.evaluate((startedAt) => performance.now() - startedAt, replaceStartedAt))
+    .toBeLessThan(5000)
 
-  await scroller.evaluate((el) => {
-    el.scrollTop = el.scrollHeight
+  await page.evaluate(() => {
+    const store = window.openPencil?.getStore?.()
+    if (!store) throw new Error('OpenPencil store not initialized')
+    const pageNode = store.graph.getNode(store.state.currentPageId)
+    const lastId = pageNode?.childIds.at(-1)
+    if (!lastId) throw new Error('Last layer not found')
+    store.select([lastId])
   })
 
-  const lastRow = rows.filter({ hasText: 'Layer 1200' }).first()
+  const lastRow = rows.filter({ hasText: 'Layer 5000' }).first()
   await expect(lastRow).toBeVisible()
   const scrollBefore = await scroller.evaluate((el) => el.scrollTop)
 
@@ -78,5 +92,56 @@ test('large layer trees stay virtualized and scrollable', async ({ page }) => {
     store.renameNode(lastId, 'Last layer renamed')
   })
 
-  await expect(rows.filter({ hasText: 'Last layer renamed' }).first()).toBeVisible()
+  const renamedRow = rows.filter({ hasText: 'Last layer renamed' }).first()
+  await expect(renamedRow).toBeVisible()
+  await renamedRow.dblclick()
+  const renameInput = page.getByTestId('layers-item-input')
+  await expect(renameInput).toBeFocused()
+
+  await page.evaluate(() => {
+    const store = window.openPencil?.getStore?.()
+    if (!store) throw new Error('OpenPencil store not initialized')
+    const firstId = store.graph.getNode(store.state.currentPageId)?.childIds[0]
+    if (!firstId) throw new Error('First layer not found')
+    store.updateNodeWithUndo(firstId, { y: 48 }, 'Move first layer again')
+  })
+
+  await expect(renameInput).toBeFocused()
+})
+
+test('layer tree supports range and additive selection', async ({ page }) => {
+  const canvas = new CanvasHelper(page)
+  await page.goto('/?test&no-rulers')
+  await canvas.waitForInit()
+
+  await page.evaluate(() => {
+    const store = window.openPencil?.getStore?.()
+    if (!store) throw new Error('OpenPencil store not initialized')
+    const Graph = store.graph.constructor as new () => typeof store.graph
+    const graph = new Graph()
+    const pageId = graph.getPages()[0]?.id
+    if (!pageId) throw new Error('Page not initialized')
+    for (let index = 1; index <= 8; index++) {
+      graph.createNode('RECTANGLE', pageId, { name: `Layer ${index}` })
+    }
+    store.replaceGraph(graph)
+  })
+
+  const rows = page.getByTestId('layers-item')
+  await rows.filter({ hasText: 'Layer 2' }).click()
+  await page.keyboard.down('Shift')
+  await rows.filter({ hasText: 'Layer 5' }).click()
+  await page.keyboard.up('Shift')
+
+  const selectedRows = page.getByTestId('layers-item').and(page.locator('[data-selected]'))
+  await expect(selectedRows).toHaveCount(4)
+  await expect(rows.filter({ hasText: 'Layer 2' })).toHaveAttribute('data-selected')
+  await expect(rows.filter({ hasText: 'Layer 5' })).toHaveAttribute('data-selected')
+
+  await page.keyboard.down('Meta')
+  await rows.filter({ hasText: 'Layer 7' }).click()
+  await page.keyboard.up('Meta')
+
+  await expect(selectedRows).toHaveCount(5)
+  await expect(rows.filter({ hasText: 'Layer 7' })).toHaveAttribute('data-selected')
 })
diff --git a/tests/engine/vue/layer-tree/model.test.ts b/tests/engine/vue/layer-tree/model.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41fb0453e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/engine/vue/layer-tree/model.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+import { describe, expect, test } from 'bun:test'
+
+import {
+  buildLayerTreeModel,
+  layerSelectionForTarget,
+  patchLayerNode,
+  visibleLayerRows
+} from '@open-pencil/vue'
+
+import { createRect, firstPageId, makeSceneGraph } from '#tests/helpers/scene'
+
+describe('layer tree model', () => {
+  test('builds indexed nested items in scene order', () => {
+    const graph = makeSceneGraph()
+    const pageId = firstPageId(graph)
+    const frame = graph.createNode('FRAME', pageId, { name: 'Frame' })
+    const child = createRect(graph, frame.id, { name: 'Child' })
+    const sibling = createRect(graph, pageId, { name: 'Sibling' })
+
+    const model = buildLayerTreeModel(graph, pageId)
+
+    expect(model.items.map((node) => node.id)).toEqual([frame.id, sibling.id])
+    expect(model.items[0]?.children?.map((node) => node.id)).toEqual([child.id])
+    expect(model.byId.get(child.id)?.name).toBe('Child')
+  })
+
+  test('derives only rows made visible by expansion', () => {
+    const graph = makeSceneGraph()
+    const pageId = firstPageId(graph)
+    const frame = graph.createNode('FRAME', pageId, { name: 'Frame' })
+    const nested = graph.createNode('FRAME', frame.id, { name: 'Nested' })
+    const child = createRect(graph, nested.id, { name: 'Child' })
+    const model = buildLayerTreeModel(graph, pageId)
+
+    expect(visibleLayerRows(model.items, new Set()).map((row) => row.node.id)).toEqual([frame.id])
+    expect(
+      visibleLayerRows(model.items, new Set([frame.id, nested.id])).map((row) => [
+        row.node.id,
+        row.level
+      ])
+    ).toEqual([
+      [frame.id, 1],
+      [nested.id, 2],
+      [child.id, 3]
+    ])
+  })
+
+  test('patches an indexed node without replacing its identity', () => {
+    const graph = makeSceneGraph()
+    const pageId = firstPageId(graph)
+    const sceneNode = createRect(graph, pageId, { name: 'Before' })
+    const model = buildLayerTreeModel(graph, pageId)
+    const layerNode = model.byId.get(sceneNode.id)
+    expect(layerNode).toBeDefined()
+    if (!layerNode) return
+
+    graph.updateNode(sceneNode.id, { name: 'After', visible: false })
+    const updated = graph.getNode(sceneNode.id)
+    expect(updated).toBeDefined()
+    if (!updated) return
+
+    expect(patchLayerNode(layerNode, updated)).toBe(true)
+    expect(model.items[0]).toBe(layerNode)
+    expect(layerNode).toMatchObject({ name: 'After', visible: false })
+    expect(patchLayerNode(layerNode, updated)).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('layer tree selection', () => {
+  const rows = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+
+  test('replaces, toggles, and ranges from the anchor', () => {
+    expect(
+      layerSelectionForTarget(rows, new Set(['a']), 'a', 'c', {
+        additive: false,
+        range: true
+      })
+    ).toEqual(new Set(['a', 'b', 'c']))
+    expect(
+      layerSelectionForTarget(rows, new Set(['a']), 'a', 'c', {
+        additive: true,
+        range: true
+      })
+    ).toEqual(new Set(['a', 'b', 'c']))
+    expect(
+      layerSelectionForTarget(rows, new Set(['a', 'b']), 'a', 'b', {
+        additive: true,
+        range: false
+      })
+    ).toEqual(new Set(['a']))
+  })
+
+  test('falls back to the target when the anchor is not visible', () => {
+    expect(
+      layerSelectionForTarget(rows, new Set(['a']), 'missing', 'd', {
+        additive: true,
+        range: true
+      })
+    ).toEqual(new Set(['d']))
+  })
+})
diff --git a/tools/architecture/package.json b/tools/architecture/package.json
index 0a09dc9c3..fd097e58f 100644
--- a/tools/architecture/package.json
+++ b/tools/architecture/package.json
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 {
   "name": "@open-pencil/architecture-tools",
   "private": true,
-  "type": "module"
+  "type": "module",
+  "scripts": {
+    "test": "bun test"
+  }
 }
diff --git a/tools/architecture/src/steiger-rules/dynamic-tailwind-classes.ts b/tools/architecture/src/steiger-rules/dynamic-tailwind-classes.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e54dc921
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/architecture/src/steiger-rules/dynamic-tailwind-classes.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+import { parse as parseVueSfc } from 'vue/compiler-sfc'
+
+import { createTextRule } from './support.ts'
+
+const VUE_DIRECTIVE_NODE = 7
+
+const DYNAMIC_CLASS_ALLOWLIST = new Set([
+  'src/components/CollabPanel/CollabAvatarStack.vue:37',
+  'src/components/CollabPanel/CollabSharePopover.vue:20',
+  'src/components/LayersPanel.vue:27',
+  'src/components/LayersPanel.vue:35',
+  'src/components/MobileHud/MobilePresencePopover.vue:52',
+  'src/components/PagesPanel.vue:99',
+  'src/components/PagesPanel.vue:133',
+  'src/components/TabBar.vue:53',
+  'src/components/Toolbar/MobileToolbar.vue:79',
+  'src/components/Toolbar/MobileToolbar.vue:171',
+  'src/components/Toolbar/ToolButton.vue:20',
+  'src/components/Toolbar/ToolFlyout.vue:81',
+  'src/components/Toolbar/ToolFlyout.vue:104',
+  'src/components/chat/ProviderConnectionTestButton.vue:67',
+  'src/components/fill-picker/GradientEditor.vue:52',
+  'src/components/properties/LayoutSection/FlexControls.vue:225',
+  'src/components/properties/binding/demo/BindingFieldDemoItem.vue:54',
+  'src/components/variables/VariablesDialog.vue:269',
+  'src/components/variables/VariablesDialog.vue:324'
+])
+
+type UnknownRecord = Record<string, unknown>
+type ExpressionNode = UnknownRecord & { type: string }
+type VueTemplateNode = {
+  type?: number
+  name?: string
+  arg?: { content?: string }
+  exp?: { ast?: unknown }
+  props?: VueTemplateNode[]
+  children?: VueTemplateNode[]
+  loc?: { start?: { line?: number; column?: number } }
+}
+
+function isUnknownRecord(value: unknown): value is UnknownRecord {
+  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null
+}
+
+function isExpressionNode(value: unknown): value is ExpressionNode {
+  return isUnknownRecord(value) && 'type' in value && typeof value.type === 'string'
+}
+
+function staticClassValues(node: unknown): string[] {
+  if (!isExpressionNode(node)) return []
+  if (node.type === 'StringLiteral' && typeof node.value === 'string') return [node.value]
+  if (
+    node.type === 'TemplateLiteral' &&
+    Array.isArray(node.expressions) &&
+    node.expressions.length === 0
+  ) {
+    const quasis = Array.isArray(node.quasis) ? node.quasis : []
+    return quasis.flatMap((quasi) => {
+      if (!isExpressionNode(quasi) || !isUnknownRecord(quasi.value)) return []
+      return typeof quasi.value.cooked === 'string' ? [quasi.value.cooked] : []
+    })
+  }
+  if (node.type === 'ArrayExpression' && Array.isArray(node.elements)) {
+    return node.elements.flatMap(staticClassValues)
+  }
+  return []
+}
+
+function propertyClassName(property: ExpressionNode): string | null {
+  if (property.type !== 'ObjectProperty' || !isExpressionNode(property.key)) return null
+  return property.key.type === 'StringLiteral' && typeof property.key.value === 'string'
+    ? property.key.value
+    : null
+}
+
+function hasDynamicClass(node: unknown, visited = new Set<ExpressionNode>()): boolean {
+  if (!isExpressionNode(node) || visited.has(node)) return false
+  visited.add(node)
+
+  if (node.type === 'ConditionalExpression') {
+    const classes = [...staticClassValues(node.consequent), ...staticClassValues(node.alternate)]
+    if (classes.some((value) => value.trim().length > 0)) return true
+  }
+
+  if (node.type === 'ObjectExpression' && Array.isArray(node.properties)) {
+    for (const property of node.properties) {
+      if (!isExpressionNode(property)) continue
+      if (propertyClassName(property)?.trim()) return true
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(node)) {
+    if (key === 'loc' || key === 'start' || key === 'end') continue
+    if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+      if (value.some((child) => hasDynamicClass(child, visited))) return true
+    } else if (hasDynamicClass(value, visited)) {
+      return true
+    }
+  }
+  return false
+}
+
+function walkVueTemplateAst(node: VueTemplateNode, visitor: (node: VueTemplateNode) => void) {
+  visitor(node)
+  for (const prop of node.props ?? []) walkVueTemplateAst(prop, visitor)
+  for (const child of node.children ?? []) walkVueTemplateAst(child, visitor)
+}
+
+export function dynamicClassDiagnostics(sourceRel: string, content: string) {
+  if (!sourceRel.startsWith('src/components/') || !sourceRel.endsWith('.vue')) return []
+
+  const template = parseVueSfc(content, { filename: sourceRel }).descriptor.template?.ast
+  if (!template) return []
+
+  const diagnostics: Array<{ message: string; line?: number; column?: number }> = []
+  walkVueTemplateAst(template as VueTemplateNode, (node) => {
+    if (
+      node.type !== VUE_DIRECTIVE_NODE ||
+      node.name !== 'bind' ||
+      node.arg?.content !== 'class' ||
+      !hasDynamicClass(node.exp?.ast)
+    ) {
+      return
+    }
+    const line = node.loc?.start?.line
+    if (line && DYNAMIC_CLASS_ALLOWLIST.has(`${sourceRel}:${line}`)) return
+    diagnostics.push({
+      message:
+        'Move visual-state Tailwind classes into a typed src/theme/** Tailwind Variants theme and bind semantic data-* state.',
+      line,
+      column: node.loc?.start?.column
+    })
+  })
+  return diagnostics
+}
+
+export const noDynamicTailwindStateClasses = createTextRule(
+  'open-pencil/no-dynamic-tailwind-state-classes',
+  dynamicClassDiagnostics
+)
diff --git a/tools/architecture/src/steiger-rules/index.ts b/tools/architecture/src/steiger-rules/index.ts
index 839352f94..fbc57102e 100644
--- a/tools/architecture/src/steiger-rules/index.ts
+++ b/tools/architecture/src/steiger-rules/index.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import path from 'node:path'
 
 import { parse as parseVueSfc } from 'vue/compiler-sfc'
 
+import { noDynamicTailwindStateClasses } from './dynamic-tailwind-classes.ts'
 import {
   collectFolders,
   createFileRule,
@@ -512,6 +513,7 @@ export const openPencilArchitecturePlugin = {
     noAppImportsInSharedUi,
     noPropertyPanelInternalsOutsidePanel,
     noProductionTestIdsInSharedLayers,
+    noDynamicTailwindStateClasses,
     noNativeTitleAttributesInVue,
     noShortcutTextInLabels,
     noHardcodedMacOSShortcutGlyphs,
diff --git a/tools/architecture/tests/dynamic-classes.test.ts b/tools/architecture/tests/dynamic-classes.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fd355360d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/architecture/tests/dynamic-classes.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import { describe, expect, test } from 'bun:test'
+
+import { dynamicClassDiagnostics } from '../src/steiger-rules/dynamic-tailwind-classes'
+
+function component(classBinding: string) {
+  return `<template><button :class="${classBinding}" /></template>`
+}
+
+describe('dynamic Tailwind state classes', () => {
+  test('reports conditional utility strings', () => {
+    const diagnostics = dynamicClassDiagnostics(
+      'src/components/example/ExampleButton.vue',
+      component("active ? 'bg-accent text-white' : 'text-muted'")
+    )
+    expect(diagnostics).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  test('reports object-style utility maps', () => {
+    const diagnostics = dynamicClassDiagnostics(
+      'src/components/example/ExampleButton.vue',
+      component("{ 'opacity-50': disabled }")
+    )
+    expect(diagnostics).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  test('allows only audited locations inside legacy files', () => {
+    const audited = `<template>${'\n'.repeat(26)}<button :class="active ? 'bg-hover' : 'text-muted'" /></template>`
+    expect(dynamicClassDiagnostics('src/components/LayersPanel.vue', audited)).toEqual([])
+    expect(
+      dynamicClassDiagnostics(
+        'src/components/LayersPanel.vue',
+        component("active ? 'bg-hover' : 'text-muted'")
+      )
+    ).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  test('allows resolved theme slots and semantic state', () => {
+    const source = `<template><button :data-active="active || undefined" :class="styles.button({ class: ui?.button })" /></template>`
+    expect(dynamicClassDiagnostics('src/components/example/ExampleButton.vue', source)).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  test('ignores static classes', () => {
+    expect(
+      dynamicClassDiagnostics(
+        'src/components/example/ExampleButton.vue',
+        '<template><button class="bg-transparent text-muted hover:bg-hover" /></template>'
+      )
+    ).toEqual([])
+  })
+})